Replica clusters ================ A replica cluster is an independent CloudNativePG ``Cluster`` resource that has the main characteristic to be in replica from another Postgres instance, ideally also managed by CloudNativePG. Normally, a replica cluster is in another Kubernetes cluster in another region. Replica clusters can be cascading too, and they can solely rely on object stores for replication of the data from the source, as described further down. The diagram below - taken from the :ref:`Architecture ` containing more information about this capability - shows just an example of architecture that you can implement with replica clusters. .. figure:: /images/multi-cluster.png :width: 70% :alt: An example of multi-cluster deployment with a primary and a replica cluster An example of multi-cluster deployment with a primary and a replica cluster Basic concepts -------------- CloudNativePG relies on the foundations of the PostgreSQL replication framework even when a PostgreSQL cluster is created from an existing one (source) and kept synchronized through the :ref:`Replica clusters ` feature. The source can be a primary cluster or another replica cluster (cascading replica cluster). The first step is to bootstrap the replica cluster, choosing among one of the available methods: - streaming replication, via ``pg_basebackup`` - recovery from a volume snapshot - recovery from a Barman Cloud backup in an object store Please refer to the :ref:`Bootstrap ` for information on how to clone a PostgreSQL server using either ``pg_basebackup`` (streaming) or ``recovery`` (volume snapshot or object store). Once the replica cluster’s base backup is available, you need to define how changes are replicated from the origin, through PostgreSQL continuous recovery. There are two options: - use streaming replication between the replica cluster and the source (this will certainly require some administrative and security related work to be done to make sure that the network connection between the two clusters are correctly setup) - use the WAL archive (on an object store) to fetch the WAL files that are regularly shipped from the source to the object store and pulled by ``barman-cloud-wal-restore`` in the replica cluster - any of the two All you have to do is actually define an external cluster. If the external cluster contains a ``barmanObjectStore`` section: - you’ll be able to use the WAL archive, and CloudNativePG will automatically set the ``restore_command`` in the designated primary instance - you’ll be able to bootstrap the replica cluster from an object store using the ``recovery`` section, in case you cannot take advantage of volume snapshots If the external cluster contains a ``connectionParameters`` section: - you’ll be able to bootstrap the replica cluster via streaming replication using the ``pg_basebackup`` section - CloudNativePG will automatically set the ``primary_conninfo`` option in the designated primary instance, so that a WAL receiver process is started to connect to the source cluster and receive data The created replica cluster can perform backups in a reserved object store from the designated primary, enabling symmetric architectures in a distributed fashion. You have full flexibility and freedom to decide your favorite distributed architecture for a PostgreSQL database by choosing: - a private cloud spanning over multiple Kubernetes clusters in different data centers - a public cloud spanning over multiple Kubernetes clusters in different regions - a mix of the previous two (hybrid) - a public cloud spanning over multiple Kubernetes clusters in different regions and on different Cloud Service Providers Setting up a replica cluster ---------------------------- To set up a replica cluster from a source cluster, we need to create a cluster YAML file and define the following parts accordingly: - define the ``externalClusters`` section in the replica cluster - define the bootstrap part for the replica cluster. We can either bootstrap via streaming using the ``pg_basebackup`` section, or bootstrap from a volume snapshot or an object store using the ``recovery`` section - define the continuous recovery part (``.spec.replica`` ) in the replica cluster. All we need to do is to enable the replica mode through option ``.spec.replica.enabled`` and set the ``externalClusters`` name in option ``.spec.replica.source`` Example using pg_basebackup ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This **first example** defines a replica cluster using streaming replication in both bootstrap and continuous recovery. The replica cluster connects to the source cluster using TLS authentication. You can check the :ref:`sample YAML ` in the ``samples/`` subdirectory. Note the ``bootstrap`` and ``replica`` sections pointing to the source cluster. .. code:: yaml bootstrap: pg_basebackup: source: cluster-example replica: enabled: true source: cluster-example In the ``externalClusters`` section, remember to use the right namespace for the host in the ``connectionParameters`` sub-section. The ``-replication`` and ``-ca`` secrets should have been copied over if necessary, in case the replica cluster is in a separate namespace. .. code:: yaml externalClusters: - name: connectionParameters: host: -rw..svc user: streaming_replica sslmode: verify-full dbname: postgres sslKey: name: -replication key: tls.key sslCert: name: -replication key: tls.crt sslRootCert: name: -ca key: ca.crt Example using a Backup from an object store ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The **second example** defines a replica cluster that bootstraps from an object store using the ``recovery`` section and continuous recovery using both streaming replication and the given object store. For streaming replication, the replica cluster connects to the source cluster using basic authentication. You can check the :ref:`sample YAML ` for it in the ``samples/`` subdirectory. Note the ``bootstrap`` and ``replica`` sections pointing to the source cluster. .. code:: yaml bootstrap: recovery: source: cluster-example replica: enabled: true source: cluster-example In the ``externalClusters`` section, take care to use the right namespace in the ``endpointURL`` and the ``connectionParameters.host`` . And do ensure that the necessary secrets have been copied if necessary, and that a backup of the source cluster has been created already. .. code:: yaml externalClusters: - name: barmanObjectStore: destinationPath: s3://backups/ endpointURL: http://minio:9000 s3Credentials: … connectionParameters: host: -rw.default.svc user: postgres dbname: postgres password: name: -superuser key: password .. Note:: To use streaming replication between the source cluster and the replica cluster, we need to make sure there is network connectivity between the two clusters, and that all the necessary secrets which hold passwords or certificates are properly created in advance. Example using a Volume Snapshot ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If you use volume snapshots and your storage class provides snapshots cross-cluster availability, you can leverage that to bootstrap a replica cluster through a volume snapshot of the source cluster. The **third example** defines a replica cluster that bootstraps from a volume snapshot using the ``recovery`` section. It uses streaming replication (via basic authentication) and the object store to fetch the WAL files. You can check the :ref:`sample YAML ` for it in the ``samples/`` subdirectory. Promoting the designated primary in the replica cluster ------------------------------------------------------- To promote the **designated primary** to **primary**, all we need to do is to disable the replica mode in the replica cluster through the option ``.spec.replica.enabled`` .. code:: yaml replica: enabled: false source: cluster-example Once the replica mode is disabled, the replica cluster and the source cluster will become two separate clusters, and the **designated primary** in the replica cluster will be promoted to be that cluster’s **primary**. We can verify the role change using the cnpg plugin, checking the status of the cluster which was previously the replica: .. code:: shell kubectl cnpg -n status cluster-replica-example .. Note:: Disabling replication is an **irreversible** operation: once replication is disabled and the **designated primary** is promoted to **primary**, the replica cluster and the source cluster will become two independent clusters definitively. Delayed replicas ---------------- In addition to standard replica clusters, our system supports the creation of **delayed replicas** through the utilization of PostgreSQL’s :ref:`recovery_min_apply_delay ` option. Delayed replicas intentionally lag behind the primary database by a specified amount of time. This delay is configurable using the ``recovery_min_apply_delay`` option in PostgreSQL. The primary objective of introducing delayed replicas is to mitigate the impact of unintentional executions of SQL statements on the primary database. This is particularly useful in scenarios where an incorrect or missing ``WHERE`` clause is used in operations such as ``UPDATE`` or ``DELETE`` . To introduce a delay in a replica cluster, adjust the ``recovery_min_apply_delay`` option. This parameter determines the time by which replicas lag behind the primary. For example: .. code:: yaml # ... postgresql: parameters: # Enforce a delay of 8 hours recovery_min_apply_delay = 8h # ... Monitor and adjust the delay as needed based on your recovery time objectives and the potential impact of unintended primary database operations. The main use cases of delayed replicas can be summarized into: 1. mitigating human errors: reduce the risk of data corruption or loss resulting from unintentional SQL operations on the primary database 2. recovery time optimization: facilitate quicker recovery from unintended changes by having a delayed replica that allows you to identify and rectify issues before changes are applied to other replicas. 3. enhanced data protection: safeguard critical data by introducing a time buffer that provides an opportunity to intervene and prevent the propagation of undesirable changes. By integrating delayed replicas into your replication strategy, you can enhance the resilience and data protection capabilities of your PostgreSQL environment. Adjust the delay duration based on your specific needs and the criticality of your data. .. Important:: Always measure your goals. Depending on your environment, it might be more efficient to rely on volume snapshot-based recovery for faster outcomes. Evaluate and choose the approach that best aligns with your unique requirements and infrastructure.