PostgreSQL Configuration

Users that are familiar with PostgreSQL are aware of the existence of the following three files to configure an instance:

postgresql.conf : main run-time configuration file of PostgreSQL
pg_hba.conf : clients authentication file
pg_ident.conf : map external users to internal users

Due to the concepts of declarative configuration and immutability of the PostgreSQL containers, users are not allowed to directly touch those files. Configuration is possible through the postgresql section of the Cluster resource definition by defining custom postgresql.conf , pg_hba.conf , and pg_ident.conf settings via the parameters , the pg_hba , and the pg_ident keys.

These settings are the same across all instances.

Warning

Please don't use the ALTER SYSTEM query to change the configuration of the PostgreSQL instances in an imperative way. Changing some of the options that are normally controlled by the operator might indeed lead to an unpredictable/unrecoverable state of the cluster. Moreover, ALTER SYSTEM changes are not replicated across the cluster. See Enabling ALTER SYSTEM below for details.

A reference for custom settings usage is included in the samples, see

cluster-example-custom.yaml .

The `postgresql` section

The PostgreSQL instance in the pod starts with a default postgresql.conf file, to which these settings are automatically added:

listen_addresses = *
include custom.conf

The custom.conf file will contain the user-defined settings in the postgresql section, as in the following example:

# ...
postgresql:
  parameters:
    shared_buffers: "1GB"
# ...

Note

Refer to the PostgreSQL documentation for more information on the available parameters , also known as GUC (Grand Unified Configuration). Please note that CloudNativePG accepts only strings for the PostgreSQL parameters.

The content of custom.conf is automatically generated and maintained by the operator by applying the following sections in this order:

Global default parameters
Default parameters that depend on the PostgreSQL major version
User-provided parameters
Fixed parameters

The global default parameters are:

archive_timeout = 5min
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix
full_page_writes = on
logging_collector = on
log_destination = csvlog
log_directory = /controller/log
log_filename = postgres
log_rotation_age = 0
log_rotation_size = 0
log_truncate_on_rotation = false
max_parallel_workers = 32
max_replication_slots = 32
max_worker_processes = 32
shared_memory_type = mmap
shared_preload_libraries =
ssl_max_protocol_version = TLSv1.3
ssl_min_protocol_version = TLSv1.3
wal_keep_size = 512MB
wal_level = logical
wal_log_hints = on
wal_sender_timeout = 5s
wal_receiver_timeout = 5s

Warning

It is your duty to plan for WAL segments retention in your PostgreSQL cluster and properly configure either wal_keep_size or wal_keep_segments , depending on the server version, based on the expected and observed workloads.

Alternatively, if the only streaming replication clients are the replica instances running in the High Availability cluster, you can take advantage of the replication slots feature, which adds support for replication slots at the cluster level. You can enable the feature with the replicationSlots.highAvailability option (for more information, please refer to the About the replication user .)

Without replication slots nor continuous backups in place, configuring wal_keep_size or wal_keep_segments is the only way to protect standbys from falling out of sync. If a standby did fall out of sync it would produce error messages like: "could not receive data from WAL stream: ERROR: requested WAL segment ************************ has already been removed" . This will require you to dedicate a part of your PGDATA , or the volume dedicated to storing WAL files, to keep older WAL segments for streaming replication purposes.

The following parameters are fixed and exclusively controlled by the operator:

archive_command = /controller/manager wal-archive %p
hot_standby = true
listen_addresses = *
port = 5432
restart_after_crash = false
ssl = on
ssl_ca_file = /controller/certificates/client-ca.crt
ssl_cert_file = /controller/certificates/server.crt
ssl_key_file = /controller/certificates/server.key
unix_socket_directories = /controller/run

Since the fixed parameters are added at the end, they can’t be overridden by the user via the YAML configuration. Those parameters are required for correct WAL archiving and replication.

Write-Ahead Log Level

The wal_level

parameter in PostgreSQL determines the amount of information written to the Write-Ahead Log (WAL). It accepts the following values:

minimal : Writes only the information required for crash recovery.
replica : Adds sufficient information to support WAL archiving and streaming replication, including the ability to run read-only queries on standby instances.
logical : Includes all information from replica , plus additional information required for logical decoding and replication.

By default, upstream PostgreSQL sets wal_level to replica . CloudNativePG, instead, sets wal_level to logical by default to enable logical replication out of the box. This makes it easier to support use cases such as migrations from external PostgreSQL servers.

If your cluster does not require logical replication, it is recommended to set wal_level to replica to reduce WAL volume and overhead.

Finally, CloudNativePG allows wal_level to be set to minimal only for single-instance clusters with WAL archiving disabled.

Replication Settings

The primary_conninfo , restore_command , and recovery_target_timeline parameters are automatically managed by the operator based on the instance’s role within the cluster. These parameters are effectively applied only when the instance is operating as a replica.

primary_conninfo = host=<PRIMARY> user=postgres dbname=postgres tcp_user_timeout=5000
recovery_target_timeline = latest

Note

By default, every standby sets tcp_user_timeout to 5 seconds, as shown above. This parameter defines how long transmitted data may remain unacknowledged before the TCP connection is forcibly closed. Adjusting it lets you control how quickly a standby reacts to network issues. If the default value does not meet your requirements, you can override it for all standbys managed by the operator using the STANDBY_TCP_USER_TIMEOUT . For additional details on tcp_user_timeout , refer to the PostgreSQL documentation .

Log control settings

The operator requires PostgreSQL to output its log in CSV format, and the instance manager automatically parses it and outputs it in JSON format. As a result, certain PostgreSQL log settings, listed in Fixed parameters , are fixed and cannot be modified.

For further information, please refer to the Logging .

Shared Preload Libraries

The shared_preload_libraries option in PostgreSQL exists to specify one or more shared libraries to be pre-loaded at server start, in the form of a comma-separated list. Typically, it is used in PostgreSQL to load those extensions that need to be available to most database sessions in the whole system (e.g. pg_stat_statements ).

In CloudNativePG the shared_preload_libraries option is empty by default. Although you can override the content of shared_preload_libraries , we recommend that only expert Postgres users take advantage of this option.

Note

In case a specified library is not found, the server fails to start, preventing CloudNativePG from any self-healing attempt and requiring manual intervention. Please make sure you always test both the extensions and the settings of shared_preload_libraries if you plan to directly manage its content.

CloudNativePG is able to automatically manage the content of the shared_preload_libraries option for some of the most used PostgreSQL extensions (see the Managed extensions section below for details).

Specifically, as soon as the operator notices that a configuration parameter requires one of the managed libraries, it will automatically add the needed library. The operator will also remove the library as soon as no actual parameter requires it.

Note

Please always keep in mind that removing libraries from shared_preload_libraries requires a restart of all instances in the cluster in order to be effective.

You can provide additional shared_preload_libraries via .spec.postgresql.shared_preload_libraries as a list of strings: the operator will merge them with the ones that it automatically manages.

Managed extensions

As anticipated in the previous section, CloudNativePG automatically manages the content in shared_preload_libraries for some well-known and supported extensions. The current list includes:

auto_explain
pg_stat_statements
pgaudit
pg_failover_slots

Some of these libraries also require additional objects in a database before using them, normally views and/or functions managed via the CREATE EXTENSION command to be run in a database (the DROP EXTENSION command typically removes those objects).

For such libraries, CloudNativePG automatically handles the creation and removal of the extension in all databases that accept a connection in the cluster, identified by the following query:

SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datallowconn

Note

The above query also includes template databases like template1 .

Note

With the introduction of declarative extensions

in the Database CRD, you can now manage extensions directly. As a result, the managed extensions feature may undergo significant changes in future versions of CloudNativePG, and some functionalities might be deprecated.

Enabling `auto_explain`

The auto_explain

extension provides a means for logging execution plans of slow statements automatically, without having to manually run EXPLAIN (helpful for tracking down un-optimized queries).

You can enable auto_explain by adding to the configuration a parameter that starts with auto_explain. as in the following example excerpt (which automatically logs execution plans of queries that take longer than 10 seconds to complete):

# ...
postgresql:
  parameters:
    auto_explain.log_min_duration: "10s"
# ...

Note

Enabling auto_explain can lead to performance issues. Please refer to the auto explain documentation

Enabling `pg_stat_statements`

The pg_stat_statements

extension is one of the most important capabilities available in PostgreSQL for real-time monitoring of queries.

You can enable pg_stat_statements by adding to the configuration a parameter that starts with pg_stat_statements. as in the following example excerpt:

# ...
postgresql:
  parameters:
    pg_stat_statements.max: "10000"
    pg_stat_statements.track: all
# ...

As explained previously, the operator will automatically add pg_stat_statements to shared_preload_libraries and run CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements on each database, enabling you to run queries against the pg_stat_statements view.

Enabling `pgaudit`

The pgaudit extension provides detailed session and/or object audit logging via the standard PostgreSQL logging facility.

CloudNativePG has transparent and native support for PGAudit on PostgreSQL clusters. For further information, please refer to the PGAudit Logs

You can enable pgaudit by adding to the configuration a parameter that starts with pgaudit. as in the following example excerpt:

#
postgresql:

  parameters:
    pgaudit.log: "all, -misc"
    pgaudit.log_catalog: "off"
    pgaudit.log_parameter: "on"
    pgaudit.log_relation: "on"

#

Enabling `pg_failover_slots`

The pg_failover_slots

extension by EDB ensures that logical replication slots can survive a failover scenario. Failovers are normally implemented using physical streaming replication, like in the case of CloudNativePG.

You can enable pg_failover_slots by adding to the configuration a parameter that starts with pg_failover_slots. : as explained above, the operator will transparently manage the pg_failover_slots entry in the shared_preload_libraries option depending on this.

Please refer to the

for details on this extension.

Additionally, for each database that you intend to you use with pg_failover_slots you need to add an entry in the pg_hba section that enables each replica to connect to the primary. For example, suppose that you want to use the app database with pg_failover_slots , you need to add this entry in the pg_hba section:

postgresql:
  pg_hba:
    - hostssl app streaming_replica all cert

The `pg_hba` section

pg_hba is a list of PostgreSQL Host Based Authentication rules used to create the pg_hba.conf used by the pods.

Note

See the PostgreSQL documentation for more information on `pg_hba.conf <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-pg-hba-conf.html>`_ .

Since the first matching rule is used for authentication, the pg_hba.conf file generated by the operator can be seen as composed of four sections:

Fixed rules
User-defined rules
Optional LDAP section
Default rules

Fixed rules:

local all all peer

hostssl postgres streaming_replica all cert map=cnpg_streaming_replica
hostssl replication streaming_replica all cert map=cnpg_streaming_replica
hostssl all cnpg_pooler_pgbouncer all cert map=cnpg_pooler_pgbouncer

Default rules:

host all all all <default-authentication-method>

From PostgreSQL 14 the default value of the password_encryption database parameter is set to scram-sha-256 . Because of that, the default authentication method is scram-sha-256 from this PostgreSQL version.

PostgreSQL 13 and older will use md5 as the default authentication method.

The resulting pg_hba.conf will look like this:

local all all peer

hostssl postgres streaming_replica all cert map=cnpg_streaming_replica
hostssl replication streaming_replica all cert map=cnpg_streaming_replica
hostssl all cnpg_pooler_pgbouncer all cert map=cnpg_pooler_pgbouncer

<user defined rules>
<user defined LDAP>

host all all all scram-sha-256 # (or md5 for PostgreSQL version <= 13)

Inside the cluster manifest, pg_hba lines are added as list items in .spec.postgresql.pg_hba , as in the following excerpt:

postgresql:
  pg_hba:
    - hostssl app app 10.244.0.0/16 md5

In the above example we are enabling access for the app user to the app database using MD5 password authentication (you can use scram-sha-256 if you prefer) via a secure channel (hostssl ).

LDAP Configuration

Under the postgres section of the cluster spec there is an optional ldap section available to define an LDAP configuration to be converted into a rule added into the pg_hba.conf file.

This will support two modes: simple bind mode which requires specifying a server , prefix and suffix in the LDAP section and the search+bind mode which requires specifying server , baseDN , binDN , and a bindPassword which is a secret containing the ldap password. Additionally, in search+bind mode you have the option to specify a searchFilter or searchAttribute . If no searchAttribute is specified the default one of uid will be used.

Additionally, both modes allow the specification of a scheme for ldapscheme and a port . Neither scheme nor port are required, however.

This section filled out for search+bind could look as follows:

postgresql:
  ldap:
    server: openldap.default.svc.cluster.local
    bindSearchAuth:
      baseDN: ou=org,dc=example,dc=com
      bindDN: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
      bindPassword:
        name: ldapBindPassword
        key: data
      searchAttribute: uid

The `pg_ident` section

pg_ident is a list of PostgreSQL User Name Maps that CloudNativePG uses to generate and maintain the ident map file (known as pg_ident.conf ) inside the data directory.

Note

See the PostgreSQL documentation for more information on `pg_ident.conf <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-username-maps.html>`_ .

The pg_ident.conf file written by the operator is made up of the following two sections:

Fixed rules
User-defined rules

Currently the only fixed rule, automatically generated by the operator, is:

local <postgres system user> postgres

The instance manager detects the user running the PostgreSQL instance and automatically adds a rule to map it to the postgres user in the database.

If the postgres user is not properly configured inside the container, the instance manager will allow any local user to connect and then log a warning message like the following:

Unable to identify the current user. Falling back to insecure mapping.

The resulting pg_ident.conf will look like this:

local <postgres system user> postgres

<user defined lines>

Inside the cluster manifest, pg_ident lines are added as list items in .spec.postgresql.pg_ident . For example:

postgresql:
  pg_ident:
    - "mymap /^(.*)@mydomain\.com$ \1"

Changing configuration

You can apply configuration changes by editing the postgresql section of the Cluster resource.

After the change, the cluster instances will immediately reload the configuration to apply the changes. If the change involves a parameter requiring a restart, the operator will perform a rolling upgrade.

Enabling `ALTER SYSTEM`

CloudNativePG strongly advocates employing the Cluster manifest as the exclusive method for altering the configuration of a PostgreSQL cluster. This approach guarantees coherence across the entire high-availability cluster and aligns with best practices for Infrastructure-as-Code.

In CloudNativePG the default configuration disables the use of ALTER SYSTEM on new Postgres clusters. This decision is rooted in the recognition of potential risks associated with this command. To enable the use of ALTER SYSTEM , you can explicitly set .spec.postgresql.enableAlterSystem to true .

Warning

Proceed with caution when utilizing ALTER SYSTEM . This command operates directly on the connected instance and does not undergo replication. CloudNativePG assumes responsibility for certain fixed parameters and complete control over others, emphasizing the need for careful consideration.

Starting from PostgreSQL 17, the .spec.postgresql.enableAlterSystem setting directly controls the allow_alter_system

— a feature directly contributed by CloudNativePG to PostgreSQL.

Prior to PostgreSQL 17, when .spec.postgresql.enableAlterSystem is set to false , the postgresql.auto.conf file is made read-only. Consequently, any attempt to execute the ALTER SYSTEM command will result in an error. The error message might look like this:

ERROR:  could not open file "postgresql.auto.conf": Permission denied

Dynamic Shared Memory settings

PostgreSQL supports a few implementations for dynamic shared memory management through the dynamic_shared_memory_type

configuration option. In CloudNativePG we recommend to limit ourselves to any of the following two values:

posix : which relies on POSIX shared memory allocated using shm_open (default setting)
sysv : which is based on System V shared memory allocated via shmget

In PostgreSQL, this setting is particularly important for memory allocation in parallel queries. For details, please refer to this thread from the `pgsql-general mailing list <https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CA%2BhUKGJOj7qzDLxeFPVvto8YEWop6FSQoTYPO9Z6Ee%3Di-nPS_Q%40mail.gmail.com>`_ .

POSIX shared memory

The default setting of posix should be enough in most cases, considering that the operator automatically mounts a memory-bound ``EmptyDir`` volume called shm under /dev/shm . You can verify the size of such volume inside the running Postgres container with:

mount | grep shm

You should get something similar to the following output:

shm on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=******)

If you would like to set a maximum size for the shm volume, you can do so by setting the .spec.ephemeralVolumesSizeLimit.shm field in the Cluster resource. For example:

spec:
  ephemeralVolumesSizeLimit:
    shm: 1Gi

System V shared memory

In case your Kubernetes cluster has a high enough value for the SHMMAX and SHMALL parameters, you can also set:

dynamic_shared_memory_type: "sysv"

You can check the SHMMAX /SHMALL from inside a PostgreSQL container, by running:

ipcs -lm

For example:

- ----- Shared Memory Limits --------
max number of segments = 4096
max seg size (kbytes) = 18014398509465599
max total shared memory (kbytes) = 18014398509481980
min seg size (bytes) = 1

As you can see, the very high number of max total shared memory recommends setting dynamic_shared_memory_type to sysv .

An alternate method is to run:

cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

Fixed parameters

Some PostgreSQL configuration parameters should be managed exclusively by the operator. The operator prevents the user from setting them using a webhook.

Users are not allowed to set the following configuration parameters in the postgresql section:

allow_alter_system
allow_system_table_mods
archive_cleanup_command
archive_command
archive_mode
bonjour
bonjour_name
cluster_name
config_file
data_directory
data_sync_retry
event_source
external_pid_file
hba_file
hot_standby
ident_file
jit_provider
listen_addresses
log_destination
log_directory
log_file_mode
log_filename
log_rotation_age
log_rotation_size
log_truncate_on_rotation
logging_collector
port
primary_conninfo
primary_slot_name
promote_trigger_file
recovery_end_command
recovery_min_apply_delay
recovery_target
recovery_target_action
recovery_target_inclusive
recovery_target_lsn
recovery_target_name
recovery_target_time
recovery_target_timeline
recovery_target_xid
restart_after_crash
restore_command
shared_preload_libraries
ssl
ssl_ca_file
ssl_cert_file
ssl_crl_file
ssl_dh_params_file
ssl_ecdh_curve
ssl_key_file
ssl_passphrase_command
ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers
stats_temp_directory
synchronous_standby_names
syslog_facility
syslog_ident
syslog_sequence_numbers
syslog_split_messages
unix_socket_directories
unix_socket_group
unix_socket_permissions

PostgreSQL Configuration

The postgresql section

Write-Ahead Log Level

Replication Settings

Log control settings

Shared Preload Libraries

Managed extensions

Enabling auto_explain

Enabling pg_stat_statements

Enabling pgaudit

Enabling pg_failover_slots

The pg_hba section

LDAP Configuration

The pg_ident section

Changing configuration

Enabling ALTER SYSTEM

Dynamic Shared Memory settings

POSIX shared memory

System V shared memory

Fixed parameters

The `postgresql` section

Enabling `auto_explain`

Enabling `pg_stat_statements`

Enabling `pgaudit`

Enabling `pg_failover_slots`

The `pg_hba` section

The `pg_ident` section

Enabling `ALTER SYSTEM`